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Richard Cloward
Richard Andrew Cloward (December 25, 1926 – August 20, 2001) was an American sociologist and an activist. He influenced the Strain theory of criminal behavior and the concept of anomie, and was a primary motivator for the passage of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 known as "Motor Voter". He taught at Columbia University for 47 years.
==Early life==
Cloward was born in Rochester, New York, the son of Esther Marie (Fleming), an artist and women's rights activist, and Donald Cloward, a radical Baptist minister.〔http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/21/obituaries/esther-m-f-cloward-women-s-rights-advocate-91.html〕 Cloward served as an Ensign in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. He received a bachelor's degree from the University of Rochester in 1949, and then a master's degree from the Columbia University School of Social Work in 1950. He then served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army from 1951 to 1954, and later worked as a social worker in an army prison in New Cumberland, Pennsylvania. Cloward became an assistant professor at Columbia's School of Social Work in 1954, and had visiting posts at the Hebrew University, the University of Amsterdam, the University of California, Santa Barbara and Arizona State University. He received a doctorate in sociology from Columbia University in 1958.
Together with fellow sociologist Lloyd Ohlin, Cloward wrote ''Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs'', which rejected the prevailing premise that delinquency resulted from individual irresponsibility and argued it was caused by poverty and the lack of alternative opportunities caused by poverty, and that the conditions underlying delinquency could be resolved through social programs.〔Fox, Margalit. (Lloyd E. Ohlin, Expert on Crime and Punishment, Is Dead at 90 ), ''The New York Times'', January 3, 2009. Accessed January 5, 2009.〕
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